政府鋪管線 中印度居民終於有自來水 Water-Stressed India Seeks a Tap for Every Home

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2022/01/28 第369期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 政府鋪管線 中印度居民終於有自來水 Water-Stressed India Seeks a Tap for Every Home At Abandoned U.S. Base, a Notorious Prison Lies Empty 美軍巴格蘭基地內惡名昭彰的監獄

政府鋪管線 中印度居民終於有自來水 Water-Stressed India Seeks a Tap for Every Home 文/Mujib Mashal and Hari Kumar 譯/莊蕙嘉 政府鋪管線 中印度居民終於有自來水 The pipes are laid, the taps installed and the village tank is under construction — all promising signs that, come spring, Girja Ahriwar will get water at her doorstep and finally shed a lifelong burden. 管子鋪好，水龍頭裝好，村子的水槽正在建造。這些充滿希望的跡象顯示，春季來臨時，吉爾嘉．艾里瓦可以在家門口取到水，而且終於解除長期以來的負擔。 "I go out and put the jerrycans in the queue at around 5 a.m. and wait there with the children," Ahriwar, a mother of three who lives in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, said about her routine of fetching from the village hand pump. "Sometimes it could take five or six hours. I have to stay there because if I leave, someone else moves ahead." 「我大約在清晨5時出門，把大水桶排進隊伍，然後和孩子們一起等待」，住在印度中部中央邦、三個孩子的媽艾里瓦說，她的例行公事就是從村子的手動泵浦取水，「有時候得花五或六個小時，我必須一直留在這裡，因為如果我離開了，其他人就會搶先往前」。 India, one of the world's most water-stressed countries, is halfway through an ambitious drive to provide clean tap water by 2024 to all of the roughly 192 million households across its 600,000 villages. About 18,000 government engineers are overseeing the $50 billion undertaking, which includes hundreds of thousands of contractors and laborers who are laying more than 2.5 million miles of pipe. 印度是全世界用水最吃緊的國家之一，在2024年之前提供60萬個村落共約1億9200萬戶乾淨自來水，這項宏大的計畫已進行到一半。約1萬8000名政府工程師監督規模500億美元的工程，包括數十萬名包商和工人，鋪設超過250萬哩的水管。 The project has a powerful champion in Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who has slashed through India's notorious red tape and pushed aside thorny political divisions to see it through. His success thus far helps explain his dominance over the country's political landscape. 這項計畫有個有力的擁護者：總理莫迪，他打破印度惡名昭彰的官僚作風，把棘手的政治分歧暫放一邊，推動計畫。目前為止他的成功也顯示他在這個國家政治版圖的主導力。 Modi has remained popular despite a weak economy and a bungled initial response to the coronavirus that left hundreds of thousands dead. He has increasingly relied on communal politics, continuing to consolidate a Hindu nationalist base he has worked for decades to rally. 即使經濟疲弱，且一開始對新冠病毒的笨拙反應造成數十萬人死亡，莫迪仍舊廣得人心。他日漸依賴宗教團體式政治，持續鞏固印度教國族主義基本盤，他投注數十年整合這些勢力。 But the mission to deliver water to every household combines two of Modi's political strengths: his grasp of the day-to-day problems of hundreds of millions of India's poor and his penchant for ambitious solutions. Modi, who grew up in a poor village, has spoken emotionally about his own mother's hardship in fetching water. 不過，將水送到所有家戶的任務，結合莫迪的兩個政治力量：他對印度數億貧窮人口日常問題的理解，以及喜好採取極具雄心的解決方案。在貧窮村莊長大的莫迪，曾充滿感情的談到母親以前取水的困難。 About one-sixth of India's households had a clean water tap when the program, called Jal Jeevan Mission, began in 2019. Now, almost half have one. 當這個「水生活任務」2019年開始時，印度家戶有潔淨自來水者約六分之一。現在，幾乎一半。 "You rarely have this drive from the government, the head of state, and it is well funded. Behind the concept, there is budget," said Nicolas Osbert, who leads the UNICEF water and sanitation unit in India. "All social sectors were impacted by COVID. Not this one. This one was preserved." 「你很少能從政府或國家領袖獲得這種推動力，而且資金充裕。在這個概念後面，重點是預算」，聯合國兒童基金會印度分部水資源和衛生主管歐斯柏特說，「所有社福單位都遭遇新冠病毒衝擊，但這個沒有，這個計畫保留下來」。 The country's water problem speaks to the mismatch between its global economic ambitions and the dire conditions of much of its 1.4 billion population, two-thirds of whom still live in rural areas. 這個國家的用水問題顯示，其全球經濟野心和14億人口中許多人的悲慘情況，頗不相配。印度人口三分之二住在鄉村地區。 At Abandoned U.S. Base, a Notorious Prison Lies Empty 美軍巴格蘭基地內惡名昭彰的監獄 文/David Zucchino 譯/陳韋廷 美軍巴格蘭基地內惡名昭彰的監獄 On July 1, with little warning and no public ceremony, U.S. forces abandoned the sprawling Bagram Air Base, the hub of the 20-year U.S. war effort in Afghanistan. Six weeks later, on Aug. 15, Taliban fighters swept into the base and freed thousands of prisoners — including senior Taliban and al-Qaida figures — from a prison complex at Bagram. 去年7月1日，美軍在毫無任何示警與公開儀式情況下，從占地廣闊的巴格蘭空軍基地撤離，該基地是美國在阿富汗20年戰爭的中心。六星期後的8月15日，神學士武裝分子衝進巴格蘭基地並釋放數千名囚犯，其中包含神學士和凱達組織的高級成員。 A base that was once a bustling city housing tens of thousands of troops is now a desolate ruin. Within Bagram's concrete blast walls, a bedraggled unit of Taliban fighters guards the emptied prison, once the site where the U.S. military detained thousands of people suspected of being insurgents, often for long periods without charge or trial. The guards camp amid mountains of debris and personal belongings abandoned by fleeing prisoners, and damaged equipment left by U.S. and Afghan government forces. 這個曾經熙熙攘攘、容納數以萬計軍隊的基地，現在已成了一片荒涼廢墟。在巴格蘭的混凝土防爆牆內，一群衣著邋遢的神學士戰士守衛著空無一人的監獄。美軍曾在此關押數千名疑為叛亂分子的人，通常在沒有起訴或審判情況下長期關押。這些守衛紮營之處，周遭有大量殘骸和逃跑囚犯丟棄的個人物品，以及美國與阿富汗政府軍留下的損壞設備。 The prison, known as the Detention Facility in Parwan, was built by the United States in 2009. It replaced a nearby detention center at Bagram, known as the Bagram Collection Point, where detainees endured abusive treatment at the base. U.S. military pathologists ruled that two detainees died in 2002 from beatings inflicted while in U.S. custody. 這座被稱為帕爾萬拘留所的監獄，是美國在2009年所建。它取代巴格蘭附近一個被稱為巴格蘭集中站的拘留中心，遭拘留者在當地受到虐待。美國軍方病理學家判定，兩名遭拘留者2002年被美軍拘押期間遭毆打致死。 While the Parwan facility provided more humane conditions for prisoners, it became the source of violent protests in February 2012 that led to the deaths of Afghans and Americans after Qurans confiscated from prisoners were burned by U.S. soldiers. 帕爾萬監獄雖為囚犯提供更人道的條件，但它在2012年2月成為暴力抗議的源頭，導致阿富汗人和美國人死亡，原因是美軍沒收並燒毀囚犯的古蘭經。 The United States transferred the Parwan detention facility to Afghan government control in 2013 after turning over 3,000 Afghan prisoners to Afghan custody. 在移交3000名阿富汗囚犯給阿富汗拘留後，美國在2013年將帕爾萬拘留所交給阿富汗政府掌管。 In 2019, the United Nations reported that the facility, under the control of the Afghan National Army, was overcrowded and that solitary confinement was being used as a form of discipline. 2019年，聯合國報告指出，這座由阿富汗政府軍控制的設施人滿為患，單獨監禁被當作一種懲戒方式。 When U.S. forces seized Bagram Air Base in late 2001, it was an abandoned wreck fought over by the Taliban and U.S.-backed Northern Alliance militias. The base was first constructed by the Soviet Union in the 1950s and served as a hub for Soviet military operations for a decade before troops withdrew in 1989. 美軍2001年底占領巴格蘭空軍基地時，當地是神學士與美國支持的北方聯盟民兵爭奪的廢墟。該基地最初由蘇聯在1950年代建造，在蘇聯軍隊1989年撤離前的十年裡，一直是蘇聯軍事行動的中心。 Rebuilt by the U.S. military, Bagram expanded into a home away from home for tens of thousands of U.S. and NATO troops. 經美軍重建後，巴格蘭擴張成為數萬名美國和北約部隊遠離家鄉的家。 Today, the base and the prison are quiet. Taliban guards said Bagram was controlled by two Taliban commanders, one with 500 men under his command and the other with 200 men. 如今，基地和監獄都很安靜。神學士守衛說，巴格蘭由兩名神學士指揮官控制，其中一人指揮500人，另一人指揮200人。

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