2021年10月14日 星期四

The Masked Professor vs. the Unmasked Student 戴口罩師 VS. 脫罩生


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讀紐時學英文
2021/10/15 第354期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 The Masked Professor vs. the Unmasked Student 戴口罩師 VS. 脫罩生
The Winners of Remote Work 遠距工作贏家有哪些人?
紐時周報精選
 
The Masked Professor vs. the Unmasked Student 戴口罩師 VS. 脫罩生
文/Anemona Hartocollis
譯/陳韋廷

戴口罩師 VS. 脫罩生

Matthew Boedy, an associate professor of rhetoric and composition, sent out a raw emotional appeal to his students at the University of North Georgia just before classes began: The COVID-19 delta variant was rampaging through the state, filling up hospital beds. He would teach class in the equivalent of full body armor — vaccinated and masked.

修辭與寫作副教授波迪開學前向北喬治亞大學學生發出一份帶有強烈情感的呼籲:新冠病毒delta變異株正肆虐該州,醫院病床已滿。他將打完疫苗戴上口罩,形同全副武裝上課。

So he was stunned in late August when more than two-thirds of the first-year students in his writing class did not take the hint and showed up unmasked.

因此,8月下旬他的寫作課有超過三分之二大一學生不了解這一暗示,未戴口罩來上課,他相當驚訝。

It was impossible to tell who was vaccinated and who was not. "It isn't a visual hellscape, like hospitals; it's more of an emotional hellscape," Boedy said.

要區分誰接種過疫苗誰沒接種,根本不可能。波迪說:「它不像醫院那樣屬於視覺上的地獄景觀,比較像是情感上的地獄景觀。」

North Georgia is not requiring its students to be vaccinated or masked this fall. And as in-person classes return at almost every university in the country, after almost 1 1/2 years of emergency pivoting to online learning, many professors are finding teaching a nerve-racking experience.

北喬治亞大學今年秋天並未要求學生接種疫苗或配戴口罩。在緊急轉為線上學習近一年半後,美國幾乎所有大學都恢復了面對面授課,許多教授如今發現教學是個讓人神經緊張的經驗。

The American College Health Association recommends vaccination requirements for all on-campus higher education students for the fall semester. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends face coverings, regardless of vaccine status, for indoor public spaces in areas where the rate of infection is high.

美國大學健康協會建議,秋季學期所有高等教育的在校生一律接種疫苗。美國疾病防治中心建議,無論疫苗接種情況如何,在感染率高的室內公共場所都要配戴口罩。

But this is not how it has worked out on more than a few campuses.

但在很多校園情況卻不是如此。

More than 1,000 colleges and universities have adopted vaccination requirements for at least some students and staff. In an indication of how political vaccination has become, the schools tend to be clustered in states that voted for President Joe Biden in the last election.

超過1000所學院與大學已對至少一部分學生及教職員工採行疫苗接種規定。這些學校往往集中於上次大選投票給拜登總統的州,顯示疫苗接種已變得相當政治化。

But at some campuses, particularly in Republican-led states with high rates of contagion — like the state systems in Georgia, Texas and Florida — vaccination is optional and mask wearing, while recommended, cannot be enforced.

但在一些校園裡,尤其是共和黨執政且傳染率偏高的州,如喬治亞州、德州與佛羅里達州,接種疫苗是選擇性的,雖建議配戴口罩但不得強制實施。

A smattering of faculty members have resigned in protest over optional mask policies. Most, like Boedy, are soldiering on. But the level of fear is so high that even at universities that do require vaccination and masks, like Cornell University and the University of Michigan, professors have signed petitions asking for the choice to return to online teaching.

一些教職員工已辭職抗議選擇性口罩政策,多數人像波迪一樣還在堅持。但恐懼程度高漲,即使在康乃爾大學與密西根大學等規定必須接種疫苗和配戴口罩的大學,教授們也簽署請願書,要求能選擇恢復線上授課。

"Morale is at an all-time low," warns a petition at the University of Iowa.

愛荷華大學一份請願書警告說:「士氣空前低落。」

Universities are caught between the demands of their faculty for greater safety precautions, and the fear of losing students, and the revenue they bring, if schools return to another year of online education.

許多大學陷入兩難局面,教師要求更多安全防範措施,校方則擔心若再恢復一年的線上教學,恐失去學生及其帶來的收入。

 
The Winners of Remote Work 遠距工作贏家有哪些人?
文/Dror Poleg
譯/李京倫

遠距工作贏家有哪些人?

Who wins and who loses when companies can hire from anywhere?

當企業能從任何地方雇用人才時,誰是贏家,誰又是輸家?

Some employees and freelancers who can work remotely will have vastly expanded opportunities and the possibility of significant increases in pay, but remote workers in general figure to face more competition and have a higher dependence on luck.

部分能遠距工作的雇員和自由職業者將享有更加廣泛的機會,而且收入可能大增,不過,通常遠距工作者會面臨更多競爭,而且將更依賴運氣。

One thing that seems unavoidable, research suggests, is an intensification of inequality.

研究顯示,有件事似乎無可避免,就是不平等會更嚴重。

In his 1981 paper, "The Economics of Superstars," Sherwin Rosen described the impact of recording and broadcasting on the incomes of athletes and entertainers. As technology enabled individuals with specialized skills to reach a giant market — one hour of work in a single location could suddenly reach many people across the country — fewer stars captured more of the rewards.

美國勞動經濟學家羅森在1981年的論文「超級巨星經濟學」中,描述錄音和廣播對運動員和藝人收入的影響。當科技讓具備專門技能的個人得以觸及巨大市場,亦即在單一地點製作的一小時工作成果能突然被全國各地許多人收到,就會有更少的明星獲得更多收入。

Rosen expected that over time many other professions would follow a similar pattern. A teacher's income, for example, was traditionally limited by the number of students who could fit into one classroom. But today on Udemy, an online learning platform, teachers like Chris Haroun have earned millions from courses they created, especially after COVID-19 lockdown pushed enrollments on the platform up by 425%. The vast majority of teachers on Udemy don't come close to Haroun's earnings, however, resulting in an extremely unequal distribution of income between superstar teachers and everybody else.

羅森預期,隨著時間推移,會有更多職業出現類似模式,例如一名教師的收入傳統上受限於一間教室容納的學生數,不過,如今在線上學習平台Udemy,哈羅恩這類老師從自己開設的課程賺到數百萬美元,尤其在新冠肺炎防疫封鎖措施使平台註冊人數增加425%之後,賺得更多,只是Udemy絕大多數老師收入遠不如哈羅恩,以致超級巨星老師和其他老師的收入分配極度不平等。

A meaningful shift in the distribution of income can also be seen in platforms where remote instruction is more similar to traditional teaching. On Outschool, an online marketplace for virtual classes for children, hundreds of teachers earn more than $100,000 a year, and dozens earn over $230,000. But most Outschool teachers earn far less, partly because they treat online teaching as a hobby or side hustle, and partly because they haven't yet figured out how to attract students.

在遠距教學比較像傳統教學的平台上,收入分配也出現有意義的轉變。在兒童線上課程交易網站Outschool,有數百名老師年收入超過10萬美元,數十名年收入超過23萬美元,但絕大部分老師收入少得多,部分原因是他們把線上教學當成業餘愛好或兼職,部分原因是他們還沒有找到能吸引學生的方法。

The adoption of remote work is also affecting more traditional institutions. Scott Galloway, a professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, told me in April, "Because all my classes are remote now, the school asked me, 'Can you go from 160 — dictated by the size of Stern's largest classroom — to 280?' That's 120 fewer seats for the other marketing professors to fight over."

遠距工作也影響到更多傳統機構。紐約大學史登商學院教授蓋洛威4月告訴我:「因為我現在所有課程都改為線上,學院問我,『你可以從一次教160人(史登商學院最大教室座位數)升級到一次教280人嗎?』那還比其他行銷學教授爭取的學生數少120人。」

 
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